The ability to reproduce is essential for a species, but not for an individual. There are some people that can't reproduce, but they're still alive!
Answer with Explanation:
We are given that
Force acts on a pebble=
N
Position vector=
m
a.We have to find the resulting torque on the pebble about origin.
Torque=
Substitute the values then we get

Torque=
N-m
By using 
b.

Torque about point (2,0,-3)

N-m
Λ = 3*10^8 / 9*10^8 = 1/3 m
no. of wavelengths = 60/(1/3) = 180
It would be option A (a decrease in mass with an increase in volume)