The International Astronomical Union (IAU) downgraded the status of Pluto to that of a dwarf planet because it did not meet the three criteria the IAU uses to define a full-sized planet. Essentially Pluto meets all the criteria except one—it “has not cleared its neighboring region of other objects.
Answer:
Newton's third law of motion states that for every action, there is equal and opposite reaction.
While space walking, when the astronaut gets detached from the space ship, she floats in space holding a wrench. In order to get back to the spaceship, she should throw the wrench in the opposite direction of the spaceship. This action would cause a reaction on her own body and she would be pushed away from the wrench and towards the spaceship. Thus, she can return back to the spaceship in this way.
Hence,
<span>∆H = ∆U + W </span>
<span>=> </span>
<span>W = ∆H - ∆U </span>
<span>= -5074 kJ - (-5084.) kJ </span>
<span>= 10 kJ</span>
