Answer:
More electronegative
Explanation:
The oxygen and nitrogen in ammonia shows that they are more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms.
- Electronegativity shows the affinity of an atom for valence electrons.
- Electronegativity is the measure of the relative tendency with which the atoms of the element attract valence electrons in a chemical bond.
The oxygen atom in water and the nitrogen atom in ammonia are more electronegative.
They attract the electrons more and they then become negatively charged.
The hydrogen will then become positively charged in the shared covalency.
Answer:
Molecules that will have dipole-dipole forces with like molecules include the water (H2O) molecule. Another example is the Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) molecule.
Explanation:
Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion that exist between particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) that are close/in nearby proximity to each other. Usually, intermolecular forces are not as strong as intramolecular forces which create covalent or ionic bonds between the atoms that exist within molecules. Dipole-dipole interactions occur whenever the partial charges that exist within one molecule are attracted to the opposite partial charges that exist within another different molecule that is nearby and similar in composition: the positive end/charges of one molecule are attracted to the negative end/charges of another similar molecule.
An example of molecules that exhibit dipole-dipole interaction is the water (H2O) molecule. Another molecule which exhibits dipole–dipole interaction is the Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) molecule, whereby the positive end of one HCl molecule usually attracts the negative end of another HCl molecule.
Answer:
Temperature required = 923K
Explanation:
The question is incomplete as there are some details that has to be given. details like the values of the standard enthalpies and entropies of the reactants and product as this is needed to calculate the actual value of the standard enthalpies and standard entropies of the reaction. I was able to get those values from literature and then calculated what needs to be calculated.
From there, I was able to use the equation that shows the relationship between, gibb's free energy, enthalpy, entropy and temperature. The necessary mathematical manipulation were done and the values were plugged in to get the temperature required to make the reaction spontaneous.
A few notes on the Gibb's free energy.
The Gibb's free energy also referred to as the gibb's function represented with letter G. it is the amount of useful work obtained from a system at constant temperature and pressure. The standard gibb's free energy on the other hand is a state function represented as Delta-G, as it depends on the initial and final states of the system.
The spontaneity of a reaction is explained by the standard gibb's free energy.
- If Delta-G = -ve ( the reaction is spontaneous)
- if Delta -G = +ve ( the reaction is non-spontaneous)
- if Delta-G = 0 ( the reaction is at equilibrium)
The step by step calculations is done as shown in the attachment.
Answer:
genetic engineering !! :)
Explanation:
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