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kolbaska11 [484]
3 years ago
12

A steam reformer operating at 650C and 1 atm uses propane as fuel for hydrogen production. At the given operating conditions, th

e reforming reaction can be approximated as a complete reaction with good accuracy, while the shifting reaction is at equilibrium. The equilibrium constant for this reaction is KP=2.03 at 650C and the overall reforming and shifting reactions are endothermic.
(a) Determine the concentrations of water ([H20]) and hydrogen ([H2]) if the concentrations of propane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the outlet of reformer are 0.005, 0.08 and 0.09 respectively.


(b) Without any calculations, how does increasing the operating temperature of the reformer affect the concentration of hydrogen in the outlet?


(c) What is the maximum hydrogen yield?
Engineering
1 answer:
dusya [7]3 years ago
3 0

Answer:

Explanation:

a) for shifting reactions,

Kps =  ph2 pco2/pcoph20

=[h2] [co2]/[co] [h2o]

h2 + co2 + h2O + co + c3H8 = 1

it implies that

H2 + 0.09 + H2O + 0.08 + 0.05 = 1

solving the system of equation yields

H2 = 0.5308,

H2O = 0.2942

B)  according to Le chatelain's principle for a slightly exothermic reaction, an increase in temperature favors the reverse reaction producing less hydrogen. As a result, concentration of hydrogen in the reformation decreases with an increasing temperature.

c) to calculate the maximum hydrogen yield , both reaction must be complete

C3H8 + 3H2O ⇒ 3CO + 7H2( REFORMING)

CO + H2O ⇒ CO2 + H2 ( SHIFTING)

C3H8 + 6H2O ⇒ 3CO2 + 10 H2 ( OVER ALL)

SO,

Maximum hydrogen yield

= 10mol h2/3 molco2 + 10molh2

= 0.77

⇒ 77%

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<u>Explanation:</u>

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W_{f}=\gamma(L)(B)(D)

Where W_{f} is the weight of footing, γ is the unit weight of concrete,  L is the length of footing is the width of footing, and D is the depth of footing

Substitute 2 m \text { for } L, 1.5 m \text { for } B, 0.5 m \text { for } D \text { and } 23.6 kN / m ^{3} for γ in the equation

\begin{aligned}W_{f} &=\left(23.6 kN / m ^{3}\right)(2 m )(1.5 m )(0.5 m ) \\&=35.4 kN\end{aligned}

Therefore, the weight of the footing is 35.4 kN

Determine the initial vertical effective stress.

\sigma_{z p}^{\prime}=\gamma(D+B)-u

Here,   \sigma_{z^{p}}^{\prime} is initial vertical stress at a depth below ground surface  γ is the unit weight of soil, D is depth and u is pore water pressure.

Substitute 18 kN / m ^{3} \text { for } \gamma, 1.5 m \text { for } B, 0.5 m \text { for } D \text { and } 0 for u in the equation

\begin{aligned}\sigma_{z p}^{\prime} &=\left(18 kN / m ^{3}\right)(1.5+0.5) m -0 \\&=36 kPa\end{aligned}

Therefore, the initial vertical stress is 36 kPa

Determine the vertical effective stress.

\sigma_{z D}^{\prime}=\gamma D

Here,   \sigma_{z^{p}}^{\prime} is initial vertical stress at a depth below ground surface  γ is the unit weight of soil, D is depth and u is pore water pressure.

Substitute \(18 kN / m ^{3}\) for \(\gamma, 0.5 m\) for \(D\) and 0 for \(u\) in the equation.

\begin{aligned}\sigma_{z b}^{\prime} &=\left(18 kN / m ^{3}\right)(0.5 m )-0 \\&=9 kPa\end{aligned}

Therefore, the vertical stress at a depth below the ground surface is

9 kPa

Determine the influence factor at the midpoint of soil layer,

I_{e p}=0.5+0.1 \sqrt{\frac{q-\sigma_{s 0}^{\prime}}{\sigma_{z p}^{\prime}}}

Here I_{e p} is the influence factor at the midpoint of soil layer  \sigma_{z^{p}}^{\prime} is initial vertical stress, \sigma_{z^{p}}^{\prime} is vertical effective stress, and Q is bearing pressure

Substitute 36 kPa for \(\sigma_{z p}^{\prime}, 228.47\) kPa for \(q,\) and 9 kPa for \(\sigma_{z D}^{\prime}\) in the equation\begin{aligned}I_{\epsilon P} &=0.5+0.1 \sqrt{\frac{228.47 kPa -9 kPa }{36 kPa }} \\&=0.75\end{aligned}

Therefore the influence factor at the midpoint of the soil layer is 0.693

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Illustrate the crowbar protection for silicon controlled rectifier​
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The modifications of superheat and reheat for a vapor power plant are specifically better for the operation which of the followi
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  1. Central to expertise the operation of steam propulsion is the primary steam cycle, a method wherein we generate steam in a boiler, increase the steam via a turbine to extract work, condense the steam into water, and sooner or later feed the water again to the boiler.
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Explanation:

We are given;

Mass of solids; 10,000 kg

Volume; V = 440,000 L = 440 m³

Rate at which water is pumped out = 40,000 liter/h

Thus, at the end of 5 hours we amount of water that has been replaced with fresh water is = 40,000 liter/h x 5 hours = 200,000 L = 200 m³

Now, since the tank is perfectly mixed, therefore we can calculate a ratio of fresh water to sewage water as;

200m³/440m³ = 5/11

Thus, the amount left will be calculated by multiplying that ratio by the amount of solids;

Thus,

Amount left; = 10000 x (5/11) = 4545 kg

The concentration would be calculated by:

Concentration = amount left/initial volume

Thus,

Concentration = 4545/440 = 10.3 kg/m³

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