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Stells [14]
3 years ago
5

PLEASE HELP!! URGENT!!

Chemistry
1 answer:
inna [77]3 years ago
5 0

Answer:

Explanation:

Ionic bonds are polar and some covalent bonds are also polar.

it depend upon the electronegativity of bonded atoms. If electronegativity difference of both  bonded atoms are greater than 0.4 polar covalent bond is formed. While in case of ionic bond there is huge difference between electronegativity of bonded atoms one with higher electronegativity complete gain the electron from atom with lower electronegativity and ionic bond is formed.

Ionic bond:

It is the bond which is formed by the transfer of electron from one atom to the atom of another element.  

Both bonded atoms have very large electronegativity difference. The atom with large electronegativity value accept the electron from other with smaller value of electronegativity.

For example:

Sodium chloride is ionic compound. The electronegativity of chlorine is 3.16 and for sodium is 0.93. There is large difference is present. That's why electron from sodium is transfer to the chlorine. Sodium becomes positive and chlorine becomes negative ion.

Covalent bond:

It is formed by the sharing of electron pair between bonded atoms.  

The atom with larger electronegativity attract the electron pair more towards it self and becomes partial negative while the other atom becomes partial positive.

For example:

In water the electronegativity of oxygen is 3.44 and hydrogen is 2.2. That's why electron pair attracted more towards oxygen, thus oxygen becomes partial negative and hydrogen becomes partial positive.

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In the titration of HCl with NaOH, the equivalence point is determined
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Answer:

In the titration of HCl with NaOH, the equivalence point is determined from the point where the phenolphthalein turns pink and then remains pink on swirling.

Explanation:

The equivalence point is the point at which exactly enough titrant (NaOH) has been added to react with all of the analyte (HCl). Up to the equivalence point, the solution will be acidic because excess HCl remains in the flask.

Phenolphtalein is chosen because it changes color in a pH range between 8.3 – 10. Phenolphthalein is naturally colorless but turns pink in alkaline solutions. It remains colorless throughout the range of acidic pH levels, but it begins to turn pink at a pH level of 8.3 and continues to a bright purple in stronger alkalines.

It will appear pink in basic solutions and clear in acidic solutions.

The more NaOH added, the more pink it will be. (Until pH≈ 10)

In strongly basic solutions, phenolphthalein is converted to its In(OH)3− form, and its pink color undergoes a rather slow fading reaction and becomes completely colorless above 13.0 pH

a. from the point where the pink phenolphthalein turns colorless and then remains colorless on swirling.

⇒ the more colorless it turns, the more acid the solution. (More HCl than NaOH)

b. from the point where the phenolphthalein turns pink and then remains pink on swirling.

The equivalence point is the point where phenolphtalein turns pink and remains pink ( Between ph 8.3 and 10). (

Although, when there is hydrogen ions are in excess, the solution remains colorless. This begins slowely after ph= 10 and can be noticed around ph = 12-13

c. from the point where the pink phenolphthalein first turns colorless and then the pink reappears on swirling.

Phenolphthalein is colorless in acid solutions (HCl), and will only turn pink when adding a base like NaOH

d. from the point where the colorless phenolphthalein first turns pink and then disappears on swirling

Phenolphthalein is colorless in acid or neutral solutions. Once adding NaOH, the solution will turn pink. The point where the solution turns pink, and stays pink after swirling is called the equivalence point. When the pink color disappears on swirling, it means it's close to the equivalence point but not yet.

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