The distance between city a and city b is 833.345 miles.
We know that
1°=60'
The distance of city a from the initial ray is calculated as
x_a=3960*tan45.46°=4024.101 miles
The distance of city b from the initial ray is calculated as
x_b=3960*tan 38.86°=3190.75 miles
Now the distance between city a and b is equal to
4024.101-3190.75=833.345 miles
This is the vertical distance between the cities.
The object's speed will not change.
In fact, after the astronaut throws the object, no additional forces will act on it (since the object is in free space). According to Newton's second law:

where the first term is the resultant of the forces acting on the body, m is the mass of the object and a its acceleration, we see that if no forces act on the object, then the acceleration is zero. Therefore, the acceleration of the object is zero, and its velocity remains constant.
The second law of thermodynamics establishes restrictions on the flow of thermal energy between two bodies. This law states that the energy does not flow spontaneously from a low temperature object T1, to another object that is at a high temperature T2.
For example. Suppose you place your cell phone on the table. Your phone is at a temperature of 40 ° C and the table is at 19 ° C. Then, it is impossible for the table to spontaneously transfer its thermal energy to the telephone, and so that the table gets colder and the telephone warmer.
Finally we can say that the correct option is B: From the hotter object to the cooler object
<h2><em>The Doppler effect is a change in the frequency of sound waves that occurs when the source of the sound waves is moving relative to a stationary listener. As the source of sound waves approaches a listener, the sound waves get closer together, increasing their frequency and the pitch of the sound.</em></h2><h2><em>HOP</em>E IT HELPS </h2><h2>THANK YOU </h2>