What is the total number of electrons shown in this Lewis structure of carbon dioxide? A. 8 B. 12 C. 16 D. 24
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Answer:
Only changes in temperature will influence the equilibrium constant . The system will shift in response to certain external shocks. At the new equilibrium
will still be equal to
, but the final concentrations will be different.
The question is asking for sources of the shocks that will influence the value of . For most reversible reactions:
- External changes in the relative concentration of the products and reactants.
For some reversible reactions that involve gases:
- Changes in pressure due to volume changes.
Catalysts do not influence the value of . See explanation.
Explanation:
.
Similar to the rate constant, the equilibrium constant depends only on:
the standard Gibbs energy change of the reaction, and
the absolute temperature (in degrees Kelvins.)
The reversible reaction is in a dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction. Reactants are constantly converted to products; products are constantly converted back to reactants. However, at equilibrium the two processes balance each other. The concentration of each species will stay the same.
Factors that alter the rate of one reaction more than the other will disrupt the equilibrium. These factors shall change the rate of successful collisions and hence the reaction rate.
- Changes in concentration influence the number of particles per unit space.
- Changes in temperature influence both the rate of collision and the percentage of particles with sufficient energy of reaction.
For reactions that involve gases,
- Changing the volume of the container will change the concentration of gases and change the reaction rate.
However, there are cases where the number of gases particles on the reactant side and the product side are equal. Rates of the forward and backward reaction will change by the same extent. In such cases, there will not be a change in the final concentrations. Similarly, catalysts change the two rates by the same extent and will not change the final concentrations. Adding noble gases will also change the pressure. However, concentrations stay the same and the equilibrium position will not change.
Explanation:
C: ΔH=+178 kJ/mol
For an endothermic reaction, heat is getting absorbed during a chemical reaction and is written on the reactant side.
Any change in the equilibrium is studied on the basis of Le-Chatelier's principle. This principle states that if there is any change in the variables of the reaction, the equilibrium will shift in the direction to minimize the effect.
Treat heat as a reactant and on increasing a reactant at equilibrium, shifts the reaction in the forward direction.
Increase temperature → increase in heat → forward direction
Decrease temperature → decease in heat → backward direction
System C - Increase temperature : Reaction will move forward
System C - Decrease temperature : Reaction will move backward
D: ΔH=−88 kJ/mol
The total enthalpy of the reaction comes out to be negative .
The temperature of the surrounding will increase.
For an exothermic reaction, heat is released during a chemical reaction and is written on the product side.
Any change in the equilibrium is studied on the basis of Le-Chatelier's principle. This principle states that if there is any change in the variables of the reaction, the equilibrium will shift in the direction to minimize the effect.
Treat heat as a product and on increasing a product at equilibrium, shifts the reaction in the backward direction.
Increase temperature → increase in heat → backward direction
Decrease temperature → decease in heat → forward direction
System D - Increase temperature : Reaction will move backward
System D - Decrease temperature : Reaction will move forward