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svlad2 [7]
3 years ago
8

A decomposition reaction, with a rate that is observed to slow down as the reaction proceeds, has a half-life that does not depe

nd on the initial concentration of the reactant. Which statement is most likely true for this reaction?
O A doubling of the initial concentration of the reactant results in a quadrupling of the rate.
O A plot of the natural log of the concentration of the reactant as a function of time is linear.
O The half-life of the reaction increases as the initial concentration increases.
Chemistry
1 answer:
mr_godi [17]3 years ago
3 0

Answer: A plot of the natural log of the concentration of the reactant as a function of time is linear.

Explanation:

Since it was explicitly stated in the question that the half life is independent of the initial concentration of the reactant then the third option must necessarily be false. Also, the plot of the natural logarithm of the concentration of reactant against time for a first order reaction is linear. In a first order reaction, the half life is independent of the initial concentration of the reactant. Hence the answer.

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Suppose a laboratory wants to identify an unknown pure substance. The valence electrons of the substance's atoms feel an effecti
zalisa [80]

Answer:

  • The answer is the third option in the list:<em> It would have smaller atomic radii than Si and higher ionization energies than Si.</em>

Explanation:

The<em> effective nuclear charge</em> is that portion of the total nuclear charge that a given electron in an atom feels.

Since, the inner electrons repel the outer electrons, t<em>he effective nuclear charg</em>e of a determined electron is the sum of the positive charge (number of protons or atomic number) that it feels from the nucleus less the number of electrons that are in the shells that are are closer to the nucleus than the own shell of such (determined) electron.

Mathematically, <em>the effective nuclear charge (Zeff)</em> is equal to the atomic number (Z) minus the amount (S) that other electrons in the atom shield the given (determined) atom from the nucleus.

  • Zeff = Z - S.

Since, the valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of the atom, you can find certain trend for the value Zeff.

Let's look at the group to which Si belongs, which is the group 14. This table summarizes the relevant data:

Element   Z   Group   # valence electrons     S                      Zeff = Z - S

C              6      14                      4                     6 - 4 = 2             6 -  2 = +4

Si             14     14                      4                     14 - 4 = 10         14 - 10 = +4

Ge           32     14                     4                     32 - 4 = 28       32 -28 = +4

Sn           50     14                     4                     50 - 4 = 46       50 - 46 = +4

Pb           82     14                     4                     82 - 4 = 78        82 - 78 = +4  

With that, you have shown that the valence electrons of the unknown substance's atoms feel an effective nuclear charge of +4 and you have a short list of 4 elements which can be the unknown element: C, Ge, Sn or Pb.

The second known characteristic of the unknown substance's atoms is that it has a <em>higher electronegativity than silicon (Si)</em><em>.</em>

So, you must use the known trend of the electronegativity in a group of the periodic table: the electronegativity decreases as you go down in a group. So, three of the elements (Ge, Sn, and Pb) have lower electronegativity than Si, which has left us with only one possibility: the element C. The valence electrons of carbon (C) atoms feel an effective nuclear charge of +4 and it carbon has a higher electronegativity than silicon.

Other two periodic trends attending the group number are the <em>atomic radii and the ionization energy</em>.

The atomic radii generally increases as you go from top to bottom in a group. This is because you are adding electrons to new higher main energy levels. So, you can conclude that the originally unknwon substance (carbon) has a smaller atomic radii, than Si.

The ionization energies generally decreases as you go from top to bottom in a group. This os due to the shielding effect: as seen, the effective nuclear charge of the atom's valence electrons remains constant, while the distance of the electrons from the nucleus increases (the valence electrons are farther away from the nucleus), which means the upper the element in a given group, the larger the ionization energy of the atoms.

With this, our conclusions about the unnkown substance are:

  • Since it has a higher electronegativity value than silicon (Si), it is right up of Si, and there is on only element possible element than can be (C).

  • Since, it is upper than silicon (Si), it would have smaller atomic radii.

  • Due to the shielding effect, it would have larger ionization energies.

  • The answer is the third option in the list: It would have smaller atomic radii than Si and higher ionization energies than Si.

6 0
2 years ago
How can you increase the amount of work done when you lift a book explain
Gnoma [55]
<h2>Work done = mgh </h2>

Explanation:

  • In this case, while lifting the book we are working against the force of gravity.

Using the Newton's laws, we can find the force F required for lifting the book having mass (m) and acceleration due to gravity (g) that is ;

  • F = mg

and, the change in the position of the book that is Δx (Height)

→ Δx = Final position - Initial position

which is only the height, then the amount of work done will be calculated by :

W= mgh

  • Where W = Work Done

m = Mass of the Body

g = Acceleration due to Gravity

h = Height of Body being displaced

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2 years ago
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frez [133]
I'm pretty sure the answer is letter D.
8 0
3 years ago
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Which of the following produces a physical change in the shape of an object?
bogdanovich [222]

Answer:Any change that occurs without altering the chemical composition of a substance is a physical change. Physical changes can include changing the color, shape, state of matter, or volume of a substance. It is crucial to remember that physical changes never alter the chemical makeup.

Explanation:

i hope that helps u try to figure it out a little bit sorry i couldn't find your answer i didn't have much to go off of

8 0
3 years ago
In a solution of a carbonated beverage the water is what? Solute, saturated, solvent or precipitate
Scilla [17]
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