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lana [24]
3 years ago
14

What is frost action

Chemistry
2 answers:
attashe74 [19]3 years ago
7 0
The weathering process caused by cycles of freezing and thawing of water in surface pores, cracks, and other openings



vladimir2022 [97]3 years ago
7 0
Frost action is a collective term for several mechanical weathering processes induced by stresses created by the freezing of water and into ice.
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Radio waves travel at the speed of light which is 3.00 x 10^8. How many minutes does it take for a radio message to reach saturn
ryzh [129]

Answer:

43.89 min

Explanation:

Given that:-

The speed of light = 3.00\times 10^8\ m/s

The distance = 7.9\times 10^8\ km

The conversion of distance in km to distance into m is shown below as:-

1 km = 1000 m

So,

Distance = 7.9\times 10^8\times 1000\ m=7.9\times 10^{11}\ m

The relation between speed distance and time is shown below as:-

Speed=\frac{Distance}{Time}

Thus,

3.00\times 10^8=\frac{7.9\times 10^{11}}{Time}

300000000\times time=10^{11}\times \:7.9\ s

Time = 2633.33 seconds

Also, 1 s = 1/60 min

So,

Time=\frac{2633.33}{60}\ min=43.89\ min

3 0
3 years ago
Plz help soon? I’m confused
nata0808 [166]
Hi,
I think the answer is metric.
6 0
3 years ago
Calculate the hydroxide ion consentration of a solution with pH = 3.25. show all calculations leading to your answer.
lidiya [134]
First you calculate the pOH of the solution:

pH+ pOH = 14

3.25 + pOH = 14

pOH = 14 - 3.25

pOH = 10.75

<span>Concentration of [OH]</span>⁻<span> in solution:
</span>
[ OH⁻ ] = 10 ^{-pOH}

[ OH⁻ ]  = 10^ - 10.75

[OH⁻] = 1.778 x 10⁻¹¹ M

hope this helps !


6 0
3 years ago
In an electrolytic cell, the magnitude of the standard cell potential is the:______
melamori03 [73]

Answer:

a. minimum voltage that must be supplied for a redox reaction to occur

c. always equal to Eanode - Ecathode

Explanation:

In an electrolytic cell;  The electromotive force(the maximum standard potential difference) of the cell formed by the system is defined as the standard electrode potential of the right handed electrode minus the standard electrode potential of the left hand electrode. (i.e \mathbf{E^{\theta}_{cell}=E_{anode} - E_{cathode}} )

As we all known that the process by which chemical energy is being converted to electrical energy is called the Electrochemical cell. It consists of two half cells , an oxidation half cell reaction and a reduction half-cell reaction.The overall redox reaction results in a flow of electrons in an electric current which is produced by a minimum voltage.

Therefore, option a and c are both correct.

6 0
3 years ago
What three (3) factors determine the reactivity of elements? Explain and give examples of each.
Degger [83]

Explanation:

The three factors which determine the reactivity of elements are as follows.

(1) Number of valence electrons.

(2) Size of an atom.

(3) Electro negativity of an atom.

All these factors are explained as follows.

(1) Number of valence electrons

According to the octet rule, every atom requires to attain stability. Therefore, number of electrons in the outermost shell will decide the reactivity of an atom as every atom needs to fill its shells or sub shells as per the octet rule. As a result, the reactivity increases.

For example, the atomic number of chlorine is 17 and its electronic configuration is 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{5}

In the 3p sub shell, there is deficiency of one electron. So, in order to attain stability chlorine atom will react readily with another species or atom which can either donate or share one electron.

Whereas an atom with completely fill shell will have low reactivity.

(2) Size of an atom

On moving down the group size of atom increases. As a result, the attraction between the nucleus and electrons decreases due to the shielding effect. Thus, the larger is an atom, the more easily it can give electrons. Therefore, the reactivity increases.

For example, the atomic number of calcium is 20 and its electronic configuration is 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}

Also it is known that first shell of every atom can have 2 electrons, second shell can have 8 electrons, third shell can have 18 electrons and so on.

Since, calcium is larger in size as compared to beryllium and magnesium so it will readily loose 2 electrons to attain stability. Thus, it will attain a Ca^{2+} charge.

(3) Electro negativity of an atom

An atom with uneven distribution of electrons will acquire a certain amount of charge. Thus, it becomes polar in nature and in order to gain stability, the atom will either loose or gain electrons according to its charge.

For example, atomic number of fluorine is 9 and its electronic configuration is 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{5}.

So, in order to gain stability fluorine will readily accept 1 electron to completely fill its 2p sub shell. As a result, the electronic configuration will become 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}

Therefore, fluorine will have a charge of -1 because it has gained one electron.


 

3 0
3 years ago
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