Answer:
Height with sound ignored = Gravity x Time taken = 9.8 x 8.60 = 84.28 meters
Time taken by the sound = 84.28/330 = 0.255 seconds
Height with sound involved = (84.28 x 0.255) + 84.28 = 105.80 meters
a. Underestimated
Answer: 0.0187 times the force between Sun and Earth.
The gravitational force between two massive bodies is directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.

where G is the gravitational constant.
Let,
The mass of the Sun be 
The mass of the Earth be
The mass of the Neptune be
The Distance between Sun and Earth be 
The Distance between Sun and Neptune be 
It is given that the mass of Neptune is 17 times mass of Earth.

The distance of Neptune from Sun is 30.1 times the distance of Earth from Sun.

The Force between Earth and Sun is 
The Force between Neptune and Sun:

Explanation:
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(a) 764.4 N
The weight of the astronaut on Earth is given by:

where
m is the astronaut's mass
g is the acceleration due to gravity
Here we have
m = 78.0 kg
g = 9.8 m/s^2 at the Earth's surface
So the weight of the astronaut is

(b) 21.1 N
The spacecraft is located at a distance of

from the center of Earth.
The acceleration due to gravity at a generic distance r from the Earth's center is

where G is the gravitational constant and M is the Earth's mass.
We know that at a distance of r = R (at the Earth's surface) the value of g is 9.8 m/s^2, so we can write:
(1)
the acceleration due to gravity at r=6R instead will be

And substituting (1) into this formula,

So the weight of the astronaut at the spacecratf location is

Answer:
The bigger the atom the lesser the ability of the atom to hold on to its valence electrons.
Explanation:
Atomic radius can be looked at as the distance between the nucleus and the outermost energy level. As an atom gets bigger, the outer shell gets further and further from the positive nucleus. this means that electrons that are in the outer energy level become less held (attracted) by the nucleus because of distance and shielding of the attractive forces by the electrons in the lower energy levels. This means that as an atom becomes bigger, its ability to hold on to its outer electrons lessens.