Using Newton's second law;
F = ma, where m = mass, a = acceleration or deceleration
a = Δv/t = (v-u)/t, but v= 0, u = 10 m/s, t = 1.
Then,
a = (0-10)1 = -10 m/s^2
Substituting;
F = ma = 10*-10 = -100 N
The mattress exerts 100 N to stop the ball.
According to Newton's second law, the force applied to an object is equal to the product between the mass of the object and its acceleration:

where F is the magnitude of the force, m is the mass of the object and a its acceleration.
In this problem, the object is the insect, with mass

. The acceleration of the insect is

, therefore we can calculate the force exerted by the car on the insect:

How do we find the force exerted by the insect on the car?
According to Newton's third law (known as action-reaction law), when an object A exerts a force on an object B, object B also exerts a force equal and opposite on object A. Therefore, the force exerted by the insect on the car is equal to the force exerted by the car on the object, so it is 0.01 N.
Answer:
(A) The mass and the initial temperature of the calorimeter water will be incorrect and affect the calculation of the specific heat capacity of the metal.
The best answer would be the 4th choice. "They help scientists explain concepts that are difficult to observe, this also covers the first answer which helps the scientist to answer complex questions. A scientific model is not used prove scientific laws as they may not always have all the data to prove so, instead it is used to allow them to explain better concepts revolving around science through research and may also allow them to predict results based on the accumulation of data and analyzing the trend of this resulting information.