<span>you have to find the differences of electronegativity for the atoms joined by the bond. if their diff is <0.4, 
then it's non-polar
if it's between 0.4 to 1.7 
then it's polar
1.7 and up it's ionic
Electronegativity values can be found on most periodic tables.</span>
        
             
        
        
        
The atmosphere is a mixture of gasses.
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Answer to this is O-atom.
Explanation: The Bronsted acid-base theory is the backbone of chemistry. This theory focuses mainly on acids and bases acting as proton donors or proton acceptors.
 
 
where 
 is the Lewis Acid and 
 is the Lewis Base and 
 is the Covalent Bond.
Reaction of dissociation of 
 in 
 is given as:

In this reaction O-atom has lone pair in water and therefore it accepts the proton from 
 forming a Lewis Base.
  
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
(a) r = 6.26 * 10⁻⁷cm
(b) r₂ = 6.05 * 10⁻⁷cm
Explanation:
Using the sedimentation coefficient formula;
s =  M(1-Vρ) / Nf ; where s is sedimentation coefficient, M is molecular weight, V is specific volume of protein, p is density of the solvent, N is Avogadro number, f if frictional force = 6πnr, n is viscosity of the medium, r is radius of particle
s = M ( 1 - Vρ) / N*6πnr
making r sbjct of formula, r =  M (1 - Vρ) / N*6πnrs
Note: S = 10⁻¹³ sec, 1 KDalton = 1 *10³ g/mol, I cP = 0.01 g/cm/s
r = {(3.1 * 10⁵ g/mol)(1 - (0.732 cm³/g)(1 g/cm³)} / { (6.02 * 10²³)(6π)(0.01 g/cm/s)(11.7 * 10⁻¹³ sec)
r = 6.26 * 10⁻⁷cm
b. Using the formula r₂/r₁ = s₁/s₂
s₂ = 0.035 + 1s₁ = 1.035s₁
making r₂ subject of formula; r₂ = (s₁ * r₁) / s₂ = (s₁ * r₁) / 1.035s₁
r₂ = 6.3 * 10⁻⁷cm / 1.035
r₂ = 6.05 * 10⁻⁷cm
 
        
             
        
        
        
Sand dunes would be created due to the mixture falling on each other
x