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olchik [2.2K]
3 years ago
6

How would you describe what would happen to methane if the primary bonds were to break?

Engineering
1 answer:
erastova [34]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

All the bonds in methane (CH4CH4) are equivalent, and all have the same dissociation energy.

The product of the dissociation is methyl radical (CH3CH3). All the bonds in methyl radical are equivalent, and all have the same dissociation energy.

The product of that dissociation is methylene (CH2CH2). All the bonds in methylene are equivalent, and all have the same dissociation energy.

The product of that dissociation is methyne (CHCH) .

The C-H bonds in methane do not have the same dissociation energy as C-H bonds in methyl radical, which in turn do not have the same dissociation energy as the C-H bonds in methylene, which are again different from the C-H bond in methyne.

If (by some miracle) you were able to get all four bonds in methane to dissociate absolutely simultaneously, they would all show the same dissociation energy… but that energy, per bond broken, would be different than the energy required to break just one C-H bond in methane, because the products are different.

(In this case, it’s CH4→C+4HCH4→C+4H versus CH4→CH3+HCH4→CH3+H.)

To alter hydrocarbons you add enough energy to break a C-H bond. Why does only one bond break? What concentrates the energy on one C-H bond?

the weakest CH bond is the one that breaks. in plain alkanes it has to do with the molecular orbital interactions between neighboring carbon atoms. look at propane for example. the middle carbon has two C-C bonds, and each of those C-C bonds is strengthened by slight electron delocalization from the C-H bonds overlapping with the antibonding orbitals of the adjacent carbons.

since the C-H bonds on the middle carbon donate electron density to both of its neighbors, those two are weakest.

one of them will break preferentially.

which one actually breaks depends on the reaction conditions (kinetics). frankly it's whichever one ramdomly approaches a nucleophile first. when the nucleophile pulls of one of the H's, the other C-H bonds start to share (delocalize) the negative charge across the whole molecule. so while the middle C feels the majority of the negative charge character, the other two C's take on a fair amount as well...

by the way, alkanes don't really like to break and form anions like that.

a better example would be something like isopropyl iodide, where the C-I bond breaks and the I carries away the electron pair, forming a carbocation (also not particularly stable, but more so than the carbanion).

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A thin-walled tube with a diameter of 6 mm and length of 20 m is used to carry exhaust gas from a smoke stack to the laboratory
Molodets [167]

Answer:

Explanation:

Mean temperature is given by

T_mean = \frac{T_i + T_ \infinity}{2}\\\\T_mean = \frac{200 + 15}{2}

Tmean = (Ti + T∞)/2

T_mean = 107.5^{0}

Tmean = 107.5⁰C

Tmean = 107.5 + 273 = 380.5K

Properties of air at mean temperature

v = 24.2689 × 10⁻⁶m²/s

α = 35.024 × 10⁻⁶m²/s

\mu = 221.6 × 10⁻⁷N.s/m²

\kappa = 0.0323 W/m.K

Cp = 1012 J/kg.K

Pr = v/α  = 24.2689 × 10⁻⁶/35.024 × 10⁻⁶

              = 0.693

Reynold's number, Re

Pv = 4m/πD²

where Re = (Pv * D)/\mu

Substituting for Pv

Re = 4m/(πD\mu)

     = (4 x 0.003)/( π × 6 ×10⁻³ × 221.6 × 10⁻⁷)

     = 28728.3

Since Re > 2000, the flow is turbulent

For turbulent flows, Use

Dittus - Doeltr correlation with n = 0.03

Nu = 0.023Re⁰⁸Pr⁰³ = (h₁D)/k

(h₁ × 0.006)/0.0323 = 0.023(28728.3)⁰⁸(0.693)⁰³

(h₁ × 0.006)/0.0323 = 75.962

h₁ = (75.962 × 0.0323)/0.006

h₁ = 408.93 W/m².K

4 0
3 years ago
4.2 A vapor compression refrigeration machine uses 30kW of electric power to produce 50 tons of cooling. What is
stellarik [79]

Answer:

5.833

Explanation:

Coefficient of Perfomance (COP) is the ratio of refrigeration effect to power input.

COP=\frac {RE}{P} where RE is refrigeration effect and P is power input

Here, the power input is given as 30 kW

We also know that 1 ton cooling is equivalent to 3.5 kW hence for 50 tons, RE=50*3.5=175 kW

Now the COP=\frac {175}{30}=5.833

6 0
3 years ago
Using an "AND" and an "OR", list all information (Equipment Number, Equipment Type, Seat Capacity, Fuel Capacity, and Miles per
Tomtit [17]

Answer:

Explanation :

The given  information to be listed can are Equipment Number, Equipment Type, Seat Capacity, Fuel Capacity, and Miles per Gallon.

Check the attached document for the solution.

5 0
3 years ago
Each cout statement has a syntax error. Type the first cout statement, and press Run to observe the error message. Fix the error
saul85 [17]

Answer:

1. cout << "Num: " << songNum << endl;

2. cout << songNum << endl;

3. cout << songNum <<" songs" << endl;

Explanation:

//Full Code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main ()

{

int songNum;

songNum = 5;

cout << "Num: " << songNum << endl;

cout << songNum << endl;

cout << songNum <<" songs" << endl;

return 0;

}

1. The error in the first cout statement is that variable songnum is not declared.

C++ is a case sensitive programme language; it treats upper case and lower case characters differently.

Variable songNum was declared; not songnum.

2. Cout us used to print a Variable that has already been declared.

The error arises in int songNum in the second cout statement.

3. When printing more than one variables or values, they must be separated with <<

4 0
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Travka [436]

Answer:

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8 0
3 years ago
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