Answer:
Are memories stored in just one part of the brain, or are they stored in many different parts of the brain? Karl Lashley began exploring this problem, about 100 years ago, by making lesions in the brains of animals such as rats and monkeys. He was searching for evidence of the engram: the group of neurons that serve as the “physical representation of memory” (Josselyn, 2010). First, Lashley (1950) trained rats to find their way through a maze. Then, he used the tools available at the time—in this case a soldering iron—to create lesions in the rats’ brains, specifically in the cerebral cortex. He did this because he was trying to erase the engram, or the original memory trace that the rats had of the maze.
Lashley did not find evidence of the engram, and the rats were still able to find their way through the maze, regardless of the size or location of the lesion. Based on his creation of lesions and the animals’ reaction, he formulated the equipotentiality hypothesis: if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function (Lashley, 1950). Although Lashley’s early work did not confirm the existence of the engram, modern psychologists are making progress locating it. Eric Kandel, for example, spent decades working on the synapse, the basic structure of the brain, and its role in controlling the flow of information through neural circuits needed to store memories (Mayford, Siegelbaum, & Kandel, 2012).
Many scientists believe that the entire brain is involved with memory. However, since Lashley’s research, other scientists have been able to look more closely at the brain and memory. They have argued that memory is located in specific parts of the brain, and specific neurons can be recognized for their involvement in forming memories. The main parts of the brain involved with memory are the amygdala, the hippocampus, the cerebellum, and the prefrontal cortex
Answer:
Explanation:
The glass (which does not crystallize even though it is accepted) of a window is NOT a mineral, since it is neither a substance of natural origin (although it is manufactured from natural components) nor does it have a defined crystalline structure, that is, the atoms they are not arranged in an orderly and regular way along axes and planes forming flat faces that keep a symmetry.
Remember that a mineral is defined as a solid, inorganic, homogeneous substance, of natural origin, with a crystalline structure and a determined and well-defined chemical composition within narrow margins and that has regular and characteristic physical properties.
this is known as condensation when cold and warm temperatures meet
Answer:
a) 40,75 atm
b) 30,11 atm
Explanation:
The Ideal Gas Equation is an equation that describes the behavior of the ideal gases:
PV = nRT
where:
- P = pressure [atm]
- V = volume [L]
- n = number of mole of gas [n]
- R= gas constant = 0,08205 [atm.L/mol.°K]
- T=absolute temperature [°K]
<em>Note: We can express this values with other units, but we must ensure that the units used are the same as those used in the gas constant.</em>
The truncated virial equation of state, is an equation used to model the behavior of real gases. In this, unlike the ideal gas equation, other parameters of the gases are considered as the <u>intermolecular forces</u> and the <u>space occupied</u> by the gas
where:
- v is the molar volume [L/mol]
- B is the second virial coefficient [L/mol]
- P the pressure [atm]
- R the gas constant = 0,08205 [atm.L/mol.°K]
a) Ideal gas equation:
We convert our data to the adecuate units:
n = 5 moles
V = 3 dm3 = 3 L
T = 25°C = 298°K
We clear pressure of the idea gas equation and replace the data:
PV = nRT ..... P = nRT/V = 5 * 0,08205 * 298/3 =40,75 atm
b) Truncated virial equation:
We convert our data to the adecuate units:
n = 5 moles
V = 3 dm3 = 3 L
T = 25°C = 298°K
B = -156,7*10^-6 m3/mol = -156,7*10^-3 L/mol
We clear pressure of the idea gas equation and replace the data:
and v = 3 L/5 moles = 0,6 L/mol
