O2- stands for superoxide anion, S2- stands for sulfide anion, H- stands for hydrogen anion, and Na+ stands for sodium this all ions possess the electron configuration of noble gas because each of them (O2-, S2-, H-, and Na+) has a full outer shell.
The trough and the hill part
Answer:

Explanation:
Here in Calcium Chloride ionic bond is present in between calcium and chlorine atoms. As we know according to Octet rule calcium have two excess atoms and for matching nearest noble gas electronic configuration. It donate two electrons to gain more stability and form
, while chlorine is deficient from one electron to meet nearest noble gas electronic configuration therefore two chlorine atoms accept excess electron from calcium individually and form two
ions.

Hence aqueous solution of calcium chloride breaks the ionic bond pairing in one
and two
ions: 