This is best explained through the use of an optics diagram, this is a little too complicated to explain in a short answer, and as I can't draw an appropriate diagram in this answer, I will point you to this excellent resource which explains what you have asked very well!
Go onto the BBC website (you should have access to it even if you aren't in the UK) and paste this after the BBC url,
/bitesize/intermediate2/physics/waves_and_optics/image_formation_from_lens/revision/1/
Answer:a)45cos40 b)45sin40 c) 2.95 d)102
Explanation:
a) 
b) 
c) Since air resistance is negligible, the only force acting on the golf ball is gravity. Thus, its vertical acceleration is -<em>g</em>. We know the final velocity must be 0 m/s, because this will be when the golf ball reaches the maximum height and starts to change direction (it falls back to the ground). We also know initial velocity in the vertical direction (see part b). Thus, we can use this equation: 
.
d) The horizontal distance traveled is dependent on (1) how long the ball is in the air and (2) what the horizontal velocity is. (1) was found in part c, and (2) was found in part a.
The correct answer to the question is C i.e C represents the friction from air resistance.
EXPLANATION:
Before coming into any conclusion, first we have to understand friction.
The friction is the opposing force which acts tangentially between two bodies in contact when there is a relative motion between them.
The air resistance is that frictional force which is provided by the air to the moving body through it. Hence, the friction from air resistance will be directed opposite to the motion of the body.
In the given diagram, the airplane is going horizontally. The force A acts in forward direction while force C acts in backward direction. The forces B and D are acting vertically. There is no motion in vertical direction. Hence, the net force of A and C will cause the airplane to move.
As the plane is moving along the direction of A, the frictional force must act along the direction of C.
Answer:
a proton because it has a positive charge
