The number of isomeric monochlorides depends on the structure and number of equivalent hydrogen atoms in each isomer of pentane.
n-pentane has three different kinds of equivalent hydrogen atoms leading to three isomeric monochlorides formed.
Isopentane has four different types of equivalent hydrogen atoms hence four isomeric monochlorides are formed.
Lastly, neopentane has only one type of equivalent hydrogen atoms that yields one mono chlorination product.
Hence the cylinder must contain a mixture of isopentane and neopentane which yields four and one isomeric monochlorides giving a total of five identifiable monochloride products as stated in the question.
A proton has a charge of +1, an elctron has a charge of -1, and a neutron has a charge of 0. Ignore the neurons since they have a charge of 0. Since there are 20 protons and 18 electrons (20-18), the overall charge of the atom is +2.
