In the context of multivalent ions, it is when it has multiple oxidative states.
Answer:
electron-electron repulsion
Explanation:
When electrons add into valence shell of neutral elements, the element assumes a negative oxidation state. With this, the number of electrons having (-) charges will be larger than the number of protons having positive (+) charges. As a result, the extra electrons repel one another (i.e., like charges repel) and a larger radius is the result.
In contrast, when cations are formed, electrons are removed from the valence level (oxidation) producing an element having a greater number of protons than electrons. The larger number of protons will function to attract the electron cloud with a greater force that results in a contraction of atomic radius and a smaller spherical volume than the neutral unionized element.
To visualize, see attached chart that shows atomic and ionic radii before and after ionization of the elements.
Answer: The electronic configuration of nitrogen is 1s2 2s2 2p3. Thus nitrogen has a half-filled p orbital, which is comparatively more stable. Thus the p orbital is the outermost orbital. To achieve a stable gas configuration, nitrogen needs to have a fulfilled p orbital.
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The answer is d hope this helps
He did experiments with combustion and gas's