Answer:
Chemical energy is chemical substance that goes through a chemical reaction to transform into other substances.
Explanation:
biomass, batteries
Burette is the lab equipment used to estimate the volume of liquid during titration. The volume is measured by the bottom meniscus to the nearest 0.01 mL.
<h3>What is a burette?</h3>
Burette is an instrument used in quantitative analysis like the volume of the sample in the titration methods and is made of a glass tube.
In the volumetric analysis, the final volume of the liquid is measured by locating the lower meniscus and is taken approximately near 0.01 ml as the burettes have markings of 0.1 mL.
Therefore, option a. locate the bottom meniscus and mark nearest to 0.01 mL.
Learn more about meniscus here:
brainly.com/question/4070509
Answer: the effects of cholera toxin on cAMP in the intestinal cells is that it INCREASES cAMP production.
Explanation:
Vibrio cholerae is a gram negative bacterium which produces a protein cholera toxin that is responsible for the characteristic symptoms of cholera such as
watery diarrhea, vomiting, rapid heart rate, loss of skin elasticity, low blood pressure, thirst, and muscle cramps. There is need for body fluids and Na replacement to avoid severe dehydration results which may lead to death.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate( cAMP) is a derivative used for intracellular signal transduction in organisms. The cholera toxin produced by the bacteria INCREASES the production of cAMP through its polypeptides( which consist of active protomer and binding protomer). The cholera toxin first binds to cell surface receptors, the protomer then enters the cell and bind with and activate the adenylate cyclase. Increasing adenylate cyclase activity will INCREASE cellular levels of cAMP, increasing the activity of ion pumps that remove ions from the cell. Due to osmotic pressure changes, water also must flow with the ions into the lumen of the intestinal mucosa, dehydrating the tissue. I hope this helps, thanks.