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Answer:
When the stars get a little bit farther from the disk, the other stars that are still in the disk will pull them toward it as a consequence of the gravity between them.
Explanation:
Galaxies have different structures due to parameters as the orbit of the stars around the center of the galaxy or the metallicity¹ of the stars (which serves to find the age of the stars). For example, in the case of the Milky Way, it has:
The Halo
The Bulge
The Thick Disk
The Thin Disk
The Halo has old stars with low metallicities and random orbits, while the bulge has stars with the same random motions like the one in the Halo.
The Thick Disk has stars with orbits oriented in the same direction but with metallicities a little bit higher than the one from the Halo but lower than the stars in the Thin Disk.
The stars that are in the thin disk have orbits oriented in the same direction and are the ones with the higher metallicity levels, which means that they are the most younger in the galaxy.
In general the stars in the disk of the galaxy (thick disk and thin disk) goes up and down as they orbit the center of the galaxy, <u>the reason for this is that when they get a little bit farther from the disk, the stars that are still in the disk pull them back toward it as a consequence of the gravity between them. </u>
Remember the equation of the Universal gravitation law:
(1)
Where F is the force of gravity, G is the gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses of two objects and R is the distance between them.
Notice how equation 1 expresses that the force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two objects, which means that the force of gravity will decrease as the square of the distance increase.
Key terms:
¹Metallicity: the abundance of heavier elements against the presence of Helium or Hydrogen.
1.
The total energy given to the cells during one pulse is given by:
where
P is the average power of the pulse
t is the duration of the pulse
In this problem,
Substituting,
2.
The energy found at point (1) is the energy delivered to 100 cells. The radius of each cell is
So the area of each cell is
The energy is spread over 100 cells, so the total area of the cells is
And so the intensity delivered is
3.
The average intensity of an electromagnetic wave is related to the maximum value of the electric field by
where
c is the speed of light
is the vacuum permittivity
E is the amplitude of the electric field
Solving the formula for E, we find:
4. 3247 T
The magnetic field amplitude is related to the electric field amplitude by
where
E is the electric field amplitude
c is the speed of light
B is the magnetic field
Solving the equation for B and substituting the value of E that we found at point 3, we find