Answer:
The evolutionary success of bats is accredited to their ability, as the only mammals, to fly and navigate in darkness by echolocation, thus filling a niche exploited by few other predators. Over 90% of all bat species use echolocation to localize obstacles in their environment by comparing their own high frequency sound pulses with returning echoes. The ability to localize and identify objects without the use of vision allows bats to forage for airborne nocturnal insects, but also for a diverse range of other food types including motionless perched prey or non-animal food items.
The agility and precision with which bats navigate and forage in total darkness, is in large part due to the accuracy and flexibility of their echolocation system. The echolocation clicks of the few echolocating Pteropodidae (Rousettus) are fundamentally different from the echolocation sounds produced in the larynx that we focus on here, and thus not part of this review. Many studies have shown that bats adapt their echolocation calls to a variety of conditions, changing duration and bandwidth of each call and the rate at which calls are emitted in response to changing perceptual demands . In recent years the intensity and directionality of echolocation signals has received increasing research attention and it is becoming evident that these parameters also play a major role in how bats successfully navigate and forage. To perceive an object in its surroundings, a bat must ensonify the object with enough energy to return an audible echo. Hence, the intensity and duration of the emitted signal act together to determine how far away a bat can echolocate an object. Equally important is signal directionality. Bat echolocation calls are directional, i.e., more call energy is focused in the forward direction than to the sides (Simmons, 1969; Shimozawa et al., 1974; Mogensen and Møhl, 1979; Hartley and Suthers, 1987, 1989; Henze and O'Neill, 1991). An object detectable at 2 m directly in front of the bat may not be detected if it is located at the same distance but off to the side. Consequently, at any given echolocation frequency and duration, it is the combination of signal intensity and signal directionality that defines the search volume, i.e., the volume in space where the bat can detect an object.
The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge about intensity and directionality of bat echolocation calls, and show how both are adapted to habitat and behavioral context. Finally, we discuss the importance of active motor-control to dynamically adjust both signal intensity and directionality to solve the different tasks faced by echolocating bats.
Explanation:
Answer:
Wavelength, 
Explanation:
It is given that,
Frequency, f = 99.5 MHz = 99.5 × 10⁶ Hz
We need to find the wavelength of the radio waves from an FM station operating at above frequency. The relationship between the frequency and the wavelength is given by :
c = speed of light
So, the wavelength of the radio waves from an FM station is 3.01 m. Hence, this is the required solution.
Answer:
i'm not sure if you are asking as a personal question or a book question so i'm taking it personal.
Explanation:
I was doing a simple task that was handed to me to test my responsibility and I agreed (knowing i am responsible :3). my first thought was "man , this is easy!" but then i started seeing the other kids slaking off and quiting their tasks. I thought that was against the rules, but then i saw my bff doing it too and i thought "this should be ok then!" so i did the same. other kids where still doing it. the teacher came, saw the ones still working and smiled... but when the teacher looked at the ones slaking off omg... his face was like * im gonna kill yall* we took one big gulp and whined. the teacher awarded the ones who completed the task... the others , we had to do our original task but doubled... for 3 weeks!!! it was awful!!!
I WOULD NEVER DO THAT AGAIN!!!
Answer:
t = 120.5 nm
Explanation:
given,
refractive index of the oil = 1.4
wavelength of the red light = 675 nm
minimum thickness of film = ?
formula used for the constructive interference
where n is the refractive index of oil
t is thickness of film
for minimum thickness
m = 0
t = 120.5 nm
hence, the thickness of the oil is t = 120.5 nm
