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Papessa [141]
3 years ago
5

Assuming there is not friction or air resistance, which of the following is true about total mechanical energy of a swinging pen

dulum?
It is the greatest at the top

It remains constant throughout the entire swing

It is zero the entire time

It is the greatest at the bottom
Chemistry
1 answer:
andrew11 [14]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

The answer is: It remains constant throughout the entire swing.

Explanation:

The "total mechanical energy" refers to the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy. When it comes to swinging pendulum, the total mechanical energy refers to the sum of the "gravitational potential energy" and the "kinetic energy."

Remember that the pendulum is "not in free fall" because it is constrained by a string. The tension in the string is being balance by a gravitational force that is acting on it. So, when the pendulum swings (back and forth), the gravitational potential energy and the kinetic energy undergoes a constant exchange of energy. So,<u> this allows the mechanical energy to be conserved.</u>

If friction is present<u>,</u><u> the mechanical energy will then be turned into other forms of energy.</u>

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Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) is a weak base with a pKb of 10.4. Calculate the pH of a solution containing a caffeine concentration of 41
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Answer:

pH → 7.47

Explanation:

Caffeine is a sort of amine, which is a weak base. Then, this pH should be higher than 7.

Caffeine + H₂O  ⇄  Caffeine⁺  +  OH⁻      Kb

1 mol of caffeine in water can give hydroxides and protonated caffeine.

We convert the concentration from mg/L to M

415 mg = 0.415 g

0.415 g / 194.19 g/mol = 2.14×10⁻³ mol

[Caffeine] = 2.14×10⁻³  M

Let's calculate pH. As we don't have Kb, we can obtain it from pKb.

- log Kb = pKb → 10^-pKb = Kb

10⁻¹⁰'⁴ = 3.98×10⁻¹¹

We go to equilibrium:

Caffeine + H₂O  ⇄  Caffeine⁺  +  OH⁻      Kb

Initially we have 2.14×10⁻³ moles of caffeine, so, after the equilibrium we may have (2.14×10⁻³ - x)

X will be the amount of protonated caffeine and OH⁻

     Caffeine     +    H₂O  ⇄  Caffeine⁺  +  OH⁻      Kb

   (2.14×10⁻³ - x)                         x                x

We make the expression for Kb:

3.98×10⁻¹¹ = x² / (2.14×10⁻³ - x)

We can missed the -x in denominator, because Kb it's a very small value.

So: 3.98×10⁻¹¹ = x² / 2.14×10⁻³

√(3.98×10⁻¹¹ . 2.14×10⁻³) = x → 2.92×10⁻⁷

That's the [OH⁻].  - log [OH⁻] = pOH

- log 2.92×10⁻⁷ = 6.53 → pOH

14 - pOH = pH → 14 - 6.53 = 7.47

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6.0 mol NaOH reacts with
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Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, 2 moles of Na₃PO₄ can be produced when 6.0 mol NaOH reacts with 9.0 mol H₃PO₄.

<h3>Reaction stoichiometry</h3>

In first place, the balanced reaction is:

3 NaOH + H₃PO₄ → 3 H₂O + Na₃PO₄

By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:

  • NaOH: 3 moles
  • H₃PO₄: 1 mole
  • H₂O: 3 moles
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<h3>Limiting reagent</h3>

The limiting reagent is one that is consumed first in its entirety, determining the amount of product in the reaction. When the limiting reagent is finished, the chemical reaction will stop.

<h3>Limiting reagent in this case</h3>

To determine the limiting reagent, it is possible to use a simple rule of three as follows: if by stoichiometry 1 mole of H₃PO₄ reacts with 3 moles of NaOH, 9 moles of H₃PO₄ reacts with how many moles of NaOH?

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moles of NaOH= 27 moles

But 27 moles of NaOH are not available, 6 moles are available. Since you have less moles than you need to react with 9 moles of H₃PO₄, NaOH will be the limiting reagent.

<h3>Moles of Na₃PO₄ formed</h3>

Considering the limiting reagent, the following rule of three can be applied: if by reaction stoichiometry 3 moles of NaOH form 1 mole of Na₃PO₄, 6 moles of NaOH form how many moles of Na₃PO₄?

moles of Na_{3}P O_{4} =\frac{6  moles of NaOHx1 mole of Na_{3}P O_{4} }{3 moles of NaOH}

<u><em>moles of Na₃PO₄= 2 moles</em></u>

Then, 2 moles of Na₃PO₄ can be produced when 6.0 mol NaOH reacts with 9.0 mol H₃PO₄.

Learn more about the reaction stoichiometry:

brainly.com/question/24741074

brainly.com/question/24653699

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