For much of the past century, scientists studying drugs and drug use labored in the shadows of powerful myths and misconceptions about the nature of addiction. When scientists began to study addictive behavior in the 1930s, people with an addiction were thought to be morally flawed and lacking in willpower. Those views shaped society’s responses to drug use, treating it as a moral failing rather than a health problem, which led to an emphasis on punishment rather than prevention and treatment.

Today, thanks to science, our views and our responses to addiction and the broader spectrum of substance use disorders have changed dramatically. Groundbreaking discoveries about the brain have revolutionized our understanding of compulsive drug use, enabling us to respond effectively to the problem.

As a result of scientific research, we know that addiction is a medical disorder that affects the brain and changes behavior. We have identified many of the biological and environmental risk factors and are beginning to search for the genetic variations that contribute to the development and progression of the disorder. Scientists use this knowledge to develop effective prevention and treatment approaches that reduce the toll drug use takes on individuals, families, and communities.

Despite these advances, we still do not fully understand why some people develop an addiction to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug use. This booklet aims to fill that knowledge gap by providing scientific information about the disorder of drug addiction, including the many harmful consequences of drug use and the basic approaches that have been developed to prevent and treat substance use disorders.

At the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), we believe that increased understanding of the basics of addiction will empower people to make informed choices in their own lives, adopt science-based policies and programs that reduce drug use and addiction in their communities, and support scientific research that improves the Nation’s well-being.

3 0

3 years ago

Identify the element using the Bohr model below.

Maurinko [17]

Nitrogen I believe . I need 20 characters.

3 0

3 years ago

Gifblaar is a small South African shrub and one of the most poisonous plants known because it contains fluoroacetic acid (FCH2CO

PSYCHO15rus [73]

[H_{3}O^{+}] = 0.00770 M

The equilibrium equation representing the dissociation of $FCH_{2}COOH$

$FCH_{2}COOH(aq) + H_{2}O (l) FCH_{2}COO^{-}(aq)+ H_{3}O^{+}(aq)$

Given [H_{3}O^{+}] = 0.00770 M

Let the initial concentration of acid be x and change y

So y = $[H_{3}O^{+}]$ = $[FCH_{2}COO^{-}]$ = 0.00770 M

$pK_{a} = 2.59K_{a} = 10^{-2.59} = 0.00257 M$

$K_{a} = \frac{(0.00770 M)(0.00770 M)}{x - 0.00770}$

$0.00257 = \frac{0.00005929}{x - 0.00770}$

0.00257 x - 0.00001979 = 0.00005929

x = 0.031 M

Therefore, initial concentration of the weak acid is <u>0.031 M</u>

4 0

4 years ago

Write a one or two summary paragraph discussing determining density

Oksana_A [137]

Density is the measure of a material's mass per unit volume, used in many aspects of science, engineering and industry. Density can be calculated by dividing an object's mass by its volume. Since different materials have different densities, measuring an object's density can help determine which materials are in it. Finding the density of a metal sample can help to determine its purity.When measuring liquids and regularly shaped solids, mass and volume can be discovered by direct measurement and these two measurements can then be used to determine density. Using a pan balance, determine and record the mass of an object in grams. Using a vernier caliper or ruler, measure the length, depth and width of the object in centimeters. Multiply these three measurements to find the volume in cubic centimeters. Divide the object's mass by its volume to determine its density. Density is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter or grams per milliliter.

(this can be split into two paragraphs)

3 0

3 years ago