Answer:
1.8 × 10² s
Explanation:
Let's consider the reduction that occurs upon the electroplating of copper.
Cu²⁺(aq) + 2 e⁻ ⇒ Cu(s)
We will establish the following relationships:
- 1 g = 1,000 mg
- The molar mass of Cu is 63.55 g/mol
- When 1 mole of Cu is deposited, 2 moles of electrons circulate.
- The charge of 1 mole of electrons is 96,486 C (Faraday's constant).
- 1 A = 1 C/s
The time that it would take for 336 mg of copper to be plated at a current of 5.6 A is:
Explanation:
The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom are the valence electrons. These electrons are the most loosely held in an atom.
The energy required to remove these electrons are not as great as those of the inner shell electrons.
- Atoms of some elements show no tendency to combine with other atoms because they have completely filled outer energy levels.
- Their outermost shell, valence shell and the electron numbers are complete for them. These are the noble gases.
- other atoms share or exchange their valence electrons in order to have a stable configuration.
- The valence electrons are involve in inter-atomic bond formation and interactions
- Also the distribution of these electrons determines inter-molecular interactions between molecules.
Learn more:
valence electrons in metalloids brainly.com/question/3023499
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The factors that affect the rate of a reaction are:
- <em>nature of the reactant</em> - when reactants with different chemical composition are exposed to same conditions they would react differently. For instance, when an acid or base is added on litmus paper, blue litmus paper turns red in presence of acid while red litmus paper turns blue when base is added.
- <em>surface area</em>- a compound with small pieces spread over a large area will react faster than a big lump of a compound occupying a small area.
- <em>temperature of reaction</em>- reactants would react faster at high temperatures. this is because they have higher kinetic energy to collide with each other. Hence a plate of food on the table spoils faster than a plate of food in the fridge.
- <em>concentration</em>- an increase in concentration leads to more molecules available to collide and form products. An example, when you add more of indicator in a solution, the color becomes more clear since more particles react to give more color.
- <em>presence of a catalyst</em>- a catalyst lowers the activation energy, which means less energy is required to shift reaction in forward direction. In the presence of iron (Fe) a catalyst, nitrogen N₂ and hydrogen H₂ react to produce NH₃
HBr is the formula for hydrobromic acid
