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inna [77]
3 years ago
14

Describe the hybridization of each carbon and nitrogen atom in each of the following structures

Chemistry
1 answer:
Oksanka [162]3 years ago
7 0

Clockwise from the carbon connected to three H atoms:

  • C: sp³
  • N: sp³
  • C: sp³
  • C: sp²
  • N: sp².
<h3>Explanation</h3>

Start by finding the number of electron domains on each C and N atom. Why the number of electron domains? The number of electron domains of an atom indicates it hybridization. For atoms in period two (which includes both C and N):

  • An atom with four electron domains is sp³ hybridized.
  • An atom with three electron domains is sp² hybridized.
  • An atom with two electron domains is sp hybridized.

How many electron domains on each of the atoms?

For each atom:

  • Each atom that the atom in question is connected to (via covalent bonds, for sure) counts towards one electron domain. This rule shall hold for bonds of all orders. (i.e., No matter if the the two atoms are connected via a Single bond, a double bond, or a triple bond.) In other words, each C-C or C-N single bond counts towards one electron domain. Each C=N double bond also counts towards one electron domain.
  • Each lone pair on the atom in question counts towards one electron domain. Keep in mind that there are two electrons in one lone pair. (Hence the name "pair".)

For example:

  • The carbon atom at the bottom of the graph is connected to four other atoms- three Hs and one N. There's no lone pair on that atom. That C atom contains four electron domains, which implies that the atom is sp³ hybridized.
  • The nitrogen atom near the right end of the molecule is connected to two other atoms- one C and one H. There's one lone pair on that molecule. 2 + 1 = 3. That N atom contains three electron domains, which implies that the atom is sp² hybridized.

Try to figure out the number of electron domains on the rest of the atoms. Then determine their hybridization. In conclusion, clockwise from the carbon connected to three H atoms:

  • C: sp³
  • N: sp³
  • C: sp³
  • C: sp²
  • N: sp².
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jasenka [17]

The molarity of the acid sample H₂SO₄ is 0.052M .

<h3>What is Molarity ?</h3>

Molarity (M) is the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution.

Molarity is defined as the moles of a solute per liters of a solution.

Molarity is also known as the molar concentration of a solution

Now to determine the molarity of the acid sample

V( H₂SO₄) = 24.0 mL in liters = 24.0 / 1000 = 0.024 L

M(H₂SO₄) = ?

V(NaOH) = 20.0 mL = 20.0 / 1000 = 0.02 L

M(NaOH) = 0.125 M

Number of moles NaOH :

n = M x V

n = 0.125 x  0.02

n = 0.0025 moles of NaOH

H₂SO₄(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) = Na₂SO₄(aq) + 2 H₂O(l)

1 mole H₂SO₄ ---------- 2 mole NaOH

? mole H₂SO₄ ---------- 0.0025 moles NaOH

moles = 0.0025 * 1 / 2

= 0.00125 moles of H₂SO₄

M(H₂SO₄) = n / V

M = 0.00125 /  0.024

= 0.052 M

Therefore the molarity of the acid sample H₂SO₄ is 0.052M .

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8 0
2 years ago
Mass box A = 10 grams; Mass box B = 5 grams; Mass box C—made of one A and one B Mass ratio A/B =
LUCKY_DIMON [66]

Answer:

mass ratio of A/B is 2:1

Explanation:

Since the mass of box A = 10g

                mass of box B = 5g

   Mass of box C = mass of box A + mass of box

A ratio compares two quantities. To find the ratio of the two boxes:

  Ratio of A to B = \frac{mass of A}{mass of B}

  Ratio of A to B = \frac{10grams}{5grams} = 2

The mass ratio is 2:1 i.e box A has twice the mass of B

8 0
3 years ago
The activation barrier for the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose is 108 kJ/mol. Part A If an enzyme increases the
emmasim [6.3K]

Answer:

The barrier has to be 34.23 kJ/mol lower when the sucrose is in the active site of the enzyme

Explanation:

From the given information:

The activation barrier for the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose is 108 kJ/mol.

In this  same concentration for the glucose and fructose; the reaction rate can be calculated by the rate factor which can be illustrated from the Arrhenius equation;

Rate factor in the absence of catalyst:

k_1= A*e^{^{^{ \dfrac {- Ea_1}{RT}}

Rate factor in the presence of catalyst:

k_2= A*e^{^{^{ \dfrac {- Ea_2}{RT}}

Assuming the catalyzed reaction and the uncatalyzed reaction are  taking place at the same temperature :

Then;

the ratio of the rate factors can be expressed as:

\dfrac{k_2}{k_1}={  \dfrac {e^{ \dfrac {- Ea_2}{RT} }} { e^{ \dfrac {- Ea_1}{RT} }}

\dfrac{k_2}{k_1}={  \dfrac {e^{[  Ea_1 - Ea_2 ] }}{RT} }}

Thus;

Ea_1-Ea_2 = RT In \dfrac{k_2}{k_1}

Let say the assumed temperature = 25° C

= (25+ 273)K

= 298 K

Then ;

Ea_1-Ea_2 = 8.314 \  J/mol/K * 298 \ K *  In (10^6)

Ea_1-Ea_2 = 34228.92 \ J/mol

\mathbf{Ea_1-Ea_2 = 34.23 \ kJ/mol}

The barrier has to be 34.23 kJ/mol lower when the sucrose is in the active site of the enzyme

8 0
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Elanso [62]

Answer:

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Explanation:

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Explain in words or using your diagrams how beryllium atoms would react with fluorine atoms.
Marysya12 [62]

Explanation:

To delineate the the nature of the bonds that would be formed between the two elements, let us first write the electronic configuration of the two species;

  Be  = 2, 2

  F  = 2, 7

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When Be loses two electrons it becomes isoelectronic with He;

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Also, when fluorine gains  an electron, it becomes isoelectronic with Ne;

               F  + e⁻ →  F⁻

This loss and gain of electrons between the two elements creates an electrostatic attraction them and they enter into an electrovalent bond.

      Hence;

           Be²⁺  + 2F⁻ → BeF₂

8 0
2 years ago
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