Physical change: a change in which no new substances are formed. the form of the substance is changed but not it's chemical composition (ice melting, bread toasting)
chemical change: any change that results in the formation of new chemical substances. this type of change modifies molecules and atoms by making and breaking the bonds between atoms! (iron rusting, gas burning)
so basically a physical change just changes the appearance of a substance, but a chemical change changes the makeup on a molecular level. i hope this helps you out!
Calorie (cal) or small calorie, is the amount of energy needed to heat one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
One small calorie is approximately 4.2 joules.
A calorie is a unit of energy.
For example:
Q = 150000 J; released energy.
Convert Jules in calories:
Q = 150000 J ÷ 4.186 J/calorie.
Q = 35833.73 calorie.
The large calorie or nutritional calorie (symbols: Cal, kcal) is the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogramof water by one degree Celsius.
A nutritional calorie, or kilocalorie, is equal to 1000 calories.
One large calorie is 4.184 kilojoules: 1 Cal = 4.184 kJ.
For example:
E = 2500 Cal; energy burnt.
E = 2500 Cal · 4.184 kJ/Cal.
E = 10460 kJ.
In Rutherford's gold foil experiment, some of those particles were deflected back towards him and off to the side. This told him that the protons and electrons were not evenly dispersed. However, the particles that did pass through did so because the protons are located in a concentrated area in the center of the atom, and the electrons are dispersed in the empty space around it. At least, that is what Rutherford determined
