system will shift the equilibrium to the right, towards the side of the products
The correct answer for the question that is being presented above is this one: "Electrovalency is characterized with the transferring of one or more electrons from one atom to another together with the formation of ions and as well as the number of positive and negative charges.
The Lewis and Langmuir theory of electrovalency (and as well as Kossel's) is dealing with Ionic bonds.
Lewis: electron-pair sharing, octet rule, Lewis Symbols or StructureLangmuir: introduced term "covalent" bond, and popularized Lewis's ideas
The Lewis-Langmuir electron-pair or covalent bond is referred as the homopolar bond, where the complete transfer of electrons give rise to ionic, or electrovalent bond (1) through attraction of opposite charges.
Answer:
1. spontaneous
2. spontaneous
3. Not Spontaneous
4. Not Spontaneous
Palladium and Sn^4+ can be reduced by hydrogen.
Explanation:
If we look at the electrochemical systems represented above, we will notice that in the first two cells, the metal should be reduced looking at the positive electrode potential of the process. This means that hydrogen can reduce the both metals. Electrons flow from the H2(g)/H^+(aq) half cell to the metal/metal ion half cell.
Similarly, when the standard electrode potential is negative, electrons flow from the metal/metal ion electrode to the hydrogen electrode.
Based on the reaction equations, a process is spontaneous if it gives a positive E°cell hence the answers above.
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