Ions are atoms with a charge other than zero. In a neutral atom, the number of protons (positively charged particles) in the nucleus equals the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus.
Atoms can gain or lose electrons (not protons) resulting in a net charge other than zero. Atoms which lose electrons (usually metals) become positively charges, and atoms which gain electrons (usually nonmetals) become negatively charged.
Zirconium cannot be broken down by a chemical change, because it is an element. The others are all molecules.
The tert-butyl chloride in ethanol would surely react faster than the solvolysis of 1-chloro-2,2-dimethyl propane. It is known that both reactions are under the SN2 category so it would be hard for these reactions to occur. However, SN1 reactions are possible because of the ethanol which is a polar solvent. Both would form carbocations but tert-butyl chloride forms a more stable carbocation while the 1-chloro-2,2-dimethyl propane forms a primary carbocation only.
Answer:
A) E° = 4.40 V
B) ΔG° = -8.49 × 10⁵ J
Explanation:
Let's consider the following redox reaction.
2 Li(s) +Cl₂(g) → 2 Li⁺(aq) + 2 Cl⁻(aq)
We can write the corresponding half-reactions.
Cathode (reduction): Cl₂(g) + 2 e⁻ → 2 Cl⁻(aq) E°red = 1.36 V
Anode (oxidation): 2 Li(s) → 2 Li⁺(aq) + 2 e⁻ E°red = -3.04
<em>A) Calculate the cell potential of this reaction under standard reaction conditions.</em>
The standard cell potential (E°) is the difference between the reduction potential of the cathode and the reduction potential of the anode.
E° = E°red, cat - E°red, an = 1.36 V - (-3.04 V) 4.40 V
<em>B) Calculate the free energy ΔG° of the reaction.</em>
We can calculate Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) using the following expression.
ΔG° = -n.F.E°
where,
n are the moles of electrons transferred
F is Faraday's constant
ΔG° = - 2 mol × (96468 J/V.mol) × 4.40 V = -8.49 × 10⁵ J
