Those are both correct! great job, keep up the good work (-:
Answer:
The value of the heat capacity of the Calorimeter 
= 54.4 
Explanation:
Given data
Heat added Q = 4.168 KJ = 4168 J
Mass of water 
= 75.40 gm
Temperature change = ΔT = 35.82 - 24.58 = 11.24 ° c
From the given condition
Q = 
ΔT + ΔT
Put all the values in above equation we get
4168 = 75.70 × 4.18 × 11.24 + × 11.24
611.37 = × 11.24
= 54.4
This is the value of the heat capacity of the Calorimeter.
Answer:
The ground state configuration is the lowest energy, most stable arrangement. An excited state configuration is a higher energy arrangement (it requires energy input to create an excited state). Valence electrons are the electrons utilised for bonding.
or the
FIGURE 5.9 The arrow shows a second way of remembering the order in which sublevels fill. Table 5.2 shows the electron configurations of the elements with atomic numbers 1 through 18.
Element Atomic number Electron configuration
sulfur 16 1s22s22p63s23p4
chlorine 17 1s22s22p63s23p5
argon 18 1s22s22p63s23p6
or the
Two electrons
Two electrons fill the 1s orbital, and the third electron then fills the 2s orbital. Its electron configuration is 1s22s1.
Explanation:
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To know this you pretty much do have to kind of memorize a few electronegativities. I don't recall ever getting a table of electronegativities on an exam.
From the structure, you have:
I remember the following electronegativities most because they are fairly patterned:
EN
H
=
2.1
EN
C
=
2.5
EN
N
=
3.0
EN
O
=
3.5
EN
F
=
4.0
EN
Cl
=
3.5
Notice how carbon through fluorine go in increments of
~
0.5
. I believe Pauling made it that way when he determined electronegativities in the '30s.
Δ
EN
C
−
Cl
=
1.0
Δ
EN
C
−
H
=
0.4
Δ
EN
C
−
C
=
0.0
Δ
EN
C
−
O
=
1.0
Δ
EN
O
−
H
=
1.4
So naturally, with the greatest electronegativity difference of
4.0
−
2.5
=
1.5
, the
C
−
F
bond is most polar, i.e. that bond's electron distribution is the most drawn towards the more electronegative compound as compared to the rest.
When the electron distribution is polarized and drawn towards a more electronegative atom, the less electronegative atom has to move inwards because its nucleus was previously favorably attracted to the electrons from the other atom.
That means generally, the greater the electronegativity difference between two atoms is, the shorter you can expect the bond to be, insofar as the electronegative atom is the same size as another comparable electronegative atom.
However, examining actual data, we would see that on average, in conditions without other bond polarizations occuring:
r
C
−
Cl
≈
177 pm
r
C
−
C
≈
154 pm
r
C
−
O
≈
143 pm
r
C
−
F
≈
135 pm
r
C
−
H
≈
109 pm
r
O
−
H
≈
96 pm
So it is not necessarily the least electronegativity difference that gives the longest bond.
Therefore, you cannot simply consider electronegativity. Examining the radii of the atoms, you should notice that chlorine is the biggest atom in the compound.
r
Cl
≈
79 pm
r
C
≈
70 pm
r
H
≈
53 pm
r
O
≈
60 pm
So assuming the answer is truly
C
−
C
, what would have to hold true is that:
The
C
−
F
bond polarization makes the carbon more electropositive (which is true).
The now more electropositive carbon wishes to attract bonding pairs from chlorine closer, thereby shortening the
C
−
Cl
bond, and potentially the
C
−
H
bond (which is probably true).
The shortening of the
C
−
Cl
bond is somehow enough to be shorter than the
C
−
C
bond (this is debatable).
