A mole is a very important unit of measurement that chemists use. A mole of something means you have 602,214,076,000,000,000,000,000 of that thing, like how having a dozen eggs means you have twelve eggs. Chemists have to measure using moles for very small things like atoms, molecules, or other particles.
<h3>What is mole and atoms?</h3>
The number of atoms or other particles in a mole is the same for all substances. The mole is related to the mass of an element in the following way: one mole of carbon-12 atoms has 6.02214076 × 1023 atoms and a mass of 12 grams.
<h3>Why is the mole unit so important?</h3>
It represents the link between the microscopic and the macroscopic, especially in terms of mass. A mole of a substance has the same mass in grams as one unit (atom or molecules) has in atomic mass units.
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Answer:
For NADH; P:O = 2.5
For FADH
₂; P : O = 1.5
Explanation:
The P:O (phosphate:oxygen) ratio represents the amount of inorganic phosphate, Pi used per atom of oxygen consume to synthesize ATP.
The Chemiosmotic theory predicts H⁺:O and H⁺:ATP ratios. Experimentally these appear to be 10 and 4 respectively when NADH is the substrate, equivalent to a P:O ratio of 2.5, and 6 and 4 respectively for FAD-linked substrates (e.g. succinate), equivalent to a P:O ratio of 1.5.
1. Electron flow from NADH to O₂ pumps protons at three sites to yield 3 ATP (P:O = 2.5)
For NADH: 10 H
⁺ translocated/O (2e
-)
ATP/2e
- = (10 H⁺/ 4 H
+) = 2.5
2. Succinate (via FADH2) bypasses site 1 giving 2 ATP (P : O = 1.5)
For FADH
₂= 6 H
⁺/O(2e
-
)
ATP/2e
- = (6 H
+/ 4 H
+) = 1.5
Answer:
Chemical waste from factories is sometimes dumped into rivers and lakes, or directly into the ground. Pesticides (chemicals that kill insects) applied to farmland enter surface water and groundwater, often in large quantities. Leaks from underground storage tanks for liquids like gasoline go directly into groundwater.
Explanation:
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It took 380,000 years for electrons to be trapped in orbits around nuclei, forming the first atoms.
These were mainly helium and hydrogen, which are still by far the most abundant elements in the universe. Present observations suggest that the first stars formed from clouds of gas around 150–200 million years after the Big Bang. Heavier atoms such as carbon, oxygen and iron, have since been continuously produced in the hearts of stars and catapulted throughout the universe in spectacular stellar explosions called supernovae.
