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Measuring distances to stars through stellar parallax. Measuring distances to stars through the moving cluster method. Astronomers measure the temperature of a star by looking at the star's color and its spectrum. The apparent brightness of a star tells how bright it seems to us
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Metallic bonds involve attraction between electrons and positively charged metal ions. The metals are ionized and electrons form a sea of valence electrons. These loosely bound electrons surround the nuclei of the metals.
The presence of this sea of electrons explains the fact that metals conduct electricity and heat due to the free valence electrons.
Due to the nature of the bonding between metal atoms,metals are malleable and ductile.
Due to the strong electrostatic interaction between metal ions and electrons, the metallic bond is very strong and is very difficult to break thereby accounting for the greater strength of metals as the size of the metallic ion decreases.
It is a bit like a video game because when you dumb it down, it's basically a small robotic thing that is controlled by a controller. In video games, you have an avatar being controlled inside a game using a gamepad, in surgery you have a little machine inside of a person's body being controlled using a computer.