Answer:
Theoretically not directly describing, .Atoms vs Ions an ion is an electrically charged particle produced by either removing electrons from a neutral atom to give a positive ion or adding electrons to a neutral atom to give a negative ion. When an ion is formed, the number of protons does not change.
Neutral atoms can be turned into positively charged ions by removing one or more electrons. A neutral sodium atom, for example, contains 11 protons and 11 electrons. By removing an electron from this atom we get a positively charged Na+ ion that has a net charge of +1.
Atoms that gain extra electrons become negatively charged. A neutral chlorine atom, for example, contains 17 protons and 17 electrons. By adding one more electron we get a negatively charged Cl- ion with a net charge of -1.
The gain or loss of electrons by an atom to form negative or positive ions has an enormous impact on the chemical and physical properties of the atom. Sodium metal, for example, which consists of neutral sodium atoms, bursts into flame when it comes in contact with water. Neutral chlorine atoms instantly combine to form Cl2 molecules, which are so reactive that entire communities are evacuated when trains carrying chlorine gas derail. Positively charged Na+ and negatively charged Cl- ions are so unreactive that we can safely take them into our bodies whenever we salt our food.
Explanation:
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Well, clearly the calculated value for the number of hydrating water molecules would increase above its true level, because the total weight loss would be greater than expected. This is of course undesirable, but may usually be avoided by careful application of the experimental procedures. The signs to look for include
<span>(a) loss of water of hydration usually occurs at a considerably lower temperature than decomposition of the salt, because the water molecules are not strongly bonded in the hydrated complex. Dehydration typically occurs in a broad range of temperatures, typically from 50°C to around 200°C, whereas decomposition of the dehydrated salt generally takes place at temperatures over 200°C and in some case over 1000°C. So dehydration should be performed with care - avoid over-heating the sample in order to ensure that all the water has been driven off. </span>
<span>(b) dehydration often results in a change of appearance of the sample, particularly the colour and particle size of crystalline hydrates. However, decomposition may be accompanied by an additional change at higher temperatures, which gives a warning of its occurrence. </span>
<span>(c) if it is suspected that decomposition is occurring, or that dehydration is not complete, exploratory runs of varying duration at a given temperature may be carried out. There are two criteria to judge the effectiveness of the procedure </span>
<span>(i) the weight of the sample decreases to a constant stable value: this is a sign that dehydration is complete and decomposition - which is usually a much slower process - is not occurring. </span>
<span>(ii) the calculated number of molecules of water lost should take an integer value. If it differs by more than, say, 0.1 from an integer than it is probable that one of these two undesirable effects is present. Some hydrates lose water in steps through intermediate compounds with a lower level of hydration. These may provide plateaus where the weight loss is stable but dehydration is not complete. These will, in general, not provide an integer value for the number of water molecules present (because the calculation is based on the assumption that the residual sample is completely dehydrated salt).</span>
Nitric oxide occurs in the tropospheric nitrogen cycle, but it destroys ozone in the stratosphere. The equation for its reaction with ozone is :
NO + O3 → NO2 + O2
The equation of reverse reaction is:
NO2 + O2 → NO + O3
When Nitrogen oxide reaches the stratosphere, it breaks down to form nitrogen oxides. These reactions causes ozone-depletion. This gas has become the largest ozone destroying factor.
Nitrogen oxide is produced due to fertilizers and at sewage treatment plants. In 1980s, Man-made CFCs started to make holes on the ozone but it was banned due to the treaty of Montreal Protocol. Regular Emission of NO can cause worse situation than CFCs.
If you need to learn more about the production of Nitric oxide, click here
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Answer:
The answer to your question is below.
Explanation:
a) pH is a scale to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution. It goes from 0 to 14. Acid solutions have a lower pH than basic solutions.
Then, the 2 M acid solution has a lower pH
b) Hydronium ions are represented by [H₃O⁺] and are characteristic of acids. So the concentration is higher in the solution 2 M of an acid.
c) Also, the answer is the 2 M solution of an acid.