Answer:
(A) elemental, alloy, or compound thin films are deposited on to a bulk substrate
Explanation:
In film deposition there is process of depositing of material in form of thin films whose size varies between the nano meters to micrometers onto a surface. The material can be a single element a alloy or a compound.
This technology is very useful in semiconductor industries, in solar panels in CD drives etc
so from above discussion it is clear that option (a) will be the correct answer
Answer:

Explanation:
From the question we are told that:
Thickness 
Internal Pressure
Shear stress 
Elastic modulus 
Generally the equation for shear stress is mathematically given by

Where
r_i=internal Radius
Therefore


Generally



Generally the equation for outer diameter is mathematically given by


Therefore
Assuming that the thin cylinder is subjected to integral Pressure
Outer Diameter is

Solution:
Given that :
Volume flow is, 
So, 
Therefore, the equation of a single straight vessel is given by
......................(i)
So there are 100 similar parallel pipes of the same cross section. Therefore, the equation for the area is

or 
Now for parallel pipes
...........(ii)
Solving the equations (i) and (ii),




Therefore,

or 
Thus the answer is option A). 10
Answer:
All the detailed steps are mentioned in pictures.
Explanation:
See attached pictures.