Red shift of distant galaxies
Answer:

Explanation:
The torque applied by a force can be calculated as

where
F is the magnitude of the force
d is the length of the arm
is the angle between the direction of the force and the arm
In this problem, we have
F = 15 N
d = 2.0 m

Substituting into the equation, we find

Answer:
44.13015
Explanation:
use the 9.8067 newtons to 1 kg conversion
I'd have to say that the list of choices doesn't go far enough.
Advances in Astronomy have been occurring for at least the past two millennia (2000 years). Maybe longer.