The answers are as follows:
1. A scientific theory: <em>i) is supported by evidence ii) can evolve over time </em>
A scientific theory can be defined as a set of interconnected statements or information about a particular topic, that has consistently been found by various scientists during repeated experimental investigations over time. For a scientific theory to be accepted as a theory, it must be backed up by empirical and scientifically derived data and statistics. Additionally, scientific theories are not absolute and can evolve and expand over time, if new valid and reliable data about the same topic is found.
2. A chemist is likely to: <em>i) analyze the ingredients in ice cream ii) determine how to separate gasoline from other substances in petroleum </em>
A chemist is a scientist who specializes in topics related to Chemistry. A chemist investigates topics such as: elements, compounds, chemical reactions, chemical properties etc. Thus, a chemist is likely to analyze the ingredients in ice cream, in order to determine its chemical composition. Additionally, a chemist would investigate how to separate gasoline from other substances in petroleum, since this procedure would involve some form of chemical reactions.
3. Science can be applied to:<em> i) government regulation ii) healthcare iii) telemarketing iv) environmental engineering v) banking </em>
Science can be defined as a broad and widely encompassing discipline that systematically and empirically investigates living organisms, their behavior, the physical world they live in, etc., through experimentation and observation. Science applies to government regulations since it can help shape the policies that the government enforces- such as policies that enhance the health and well-being of citizens. Healthcare and environmental engineering are sciences, and therefore, obviously contain scientific elements. Banking also involves science, since research, planning, policies, etc., require research.
4. The fields of science and mathematics are so interdependent because:<em> i) Scientists need to be able to take careful measurements. ii) Scientists need to be able to make precise measurements. </em>
In simple terms, mathematics and science are interdependent, because both involve calculations in order to reach a solution or a conclusion. This is especially apparent in Physics (a science), which uses several calculations to prove laws and theories. Similarly, sciences, including: psychology, biology and chemistry, also involve mathematics and calculations in order to analyse data and reach conclusions. Both Mathematics and Science require careful and precise measurements in order to obtain accurate results.
5. The following questions can use science as a method of inquiry: <em> i) How can we protect crops from drought? ii) Did dinosaurs exist? </em>
Out of all the options listed in the question, only the aforementioned questions can use science as a method of inquiry. This is because, questions such as “Is cloning appropriate?” and “Why is jazz a great type of music?”, are qualitative and subjective in nature, and cannot be answered using scientific investigation- which involve measurements and statistical analyses. On the other hand, investigating how to protect crops from drought and the existence of dinosaurs can use science as a method of inquiry, because these investigations would involve measurement and analyses in order to obtain results and a valid conclusion.