Three identical fatigue specimens (denoted A, B, and C) are fabricated from a nonferrous alloy. Each is subjected to one of the
maximum-minimum stress cycles listed below; the frequency is the same for all three tests. Specimen max(MPa) min(MPa)
A +450 -150
B +300 -300
C +500 -200
A. Rank the fatigue lifetimes of these three specimens from the longest to the shortest.
B. Now justify this ranking using a schematic S-N plot.
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Due to ethanol's lower energy content, FFVs operating on E85 get roughly 15% to 27% fewer miles per gallon than when operating on regular gasoline, depending on the ethanol content.