Ware them down, its like rubbing two pieces of chalk together.
Answer: I believe farther. Correct me if I am wrong
Explanation:
You haven't stated any numbers showing that the intensity of solar radiation at the surface is lower than at the top of the atmosphere. Your data only show that the value at the top of the atmosphere is different on different dates.
From our vast experience, however, we do know that the solar intensity at the surface IS lower than it is at the top of the atmosphere, simply because the atmosphere absorbs some solar radiation ... different amounts of it at different wavelengths.
That's the main reason, for example, why the sky is red at sunrise and sunset and blue the rest of the day, and why the temperature of the air is so much higher than 3° absolute, and why we aren't broiled by X-rays all day. Also the reason why it's worth the tremendous cost and makes such a difference to build astronomical observatories on mountain tops and in low-Earth-orbit, instead of in convenient deep valleys.
C. Space.
Radiation is a process by which heat energy is transferred through space.
a) They will not pierce his skin
First you need to find the average force on each needle, which can be found by dividing the total force (650) by the number of nails (1000). This gets you can average force of 650/1000, or .65 N. To find pascals, you divide the force in newtons by the area in square meters, so you get .65/.000001, which is 650000. You can divide that by 1000 to convert it from pascals to kPa, which gets you 650 kPa, which is less than the 700kPa needed to pierce the skin.
b) They would pierce the skin in this case.
Here, the average force would be 650/800, which is .8125. With the same .000001 m^2 surface area, you'd get .8125/.000001 pascals, which is 812500 pascals. Divide this by 1000 to convert to kPa and you get 812.5, which is higher than 700, so it can pierce the skin.
