Generally, rings form from moons, asteroids, or comets that have disintegrated due to a collision or because they got too close to their planet (Roche Limit). ... Most of the debris, however, will not have enough energy to overcome the planet's gravity and will remain in orbit around the planet.
An initiator is someone who starts something. Example: She initiated the fight.
Heat required to change the phase of ice is given by
Q = m* L
here
m = mass of ice
L = latent heat of fusion
now we have
m = 45 kg
L = 334 KJ/kg
now by using above formula


In KJ we can convert this as

so the correct answer is D option
B. they both involve wave interaction.