The controller determines if a(n) error exists by calculating the difference between the SP and the PV.
<h3>How does a
controller work in control system?</h3>
The Control system is one where it entails if the output is one that has an effect on the input quantity.
So it uses the PV(Process Variable) set against the SP(Setpoint) to know if an error exists.
So, The controller determines if a(n) error exists by calculating the difference between the SP and the PV.
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Answer:
a)5.28 Å , b)3.73 Å , c)3.048 Å
Explanation:
the atoms are situated only at the corners of cube.Each and every atom in simple cubic primitive at the corner is shared with 8 adjacent unit cells.
Therefore, a particular unit cell consist only 1/8th part of an atom.
The lattice constant of a simple cubic primitive cell is 5.28 Å
We know formula of distance,
d = 
a)(100)
a=5.28 Å
Distance =
=5.28 Å
b)(110)
Distance =
= 3.73 Å
c)(111)
Distance=
= 3.048 Å
The Pareto principle is that most things in our life are not commonly distributed.
<u>Explanation:</u>
Pareto chart shows that most of the things which we have in our life and the resources in our life are not equally distributed. The ratio is not always 50:50 according to this principle.
The most important use of a Pareto diagram is to show the most important factor among the set of factors that have been shown. Along with that it also shows the sources which lead to the common defects in the system and tries to solve those defects which occur most often.
Answer:

Explanation:
From the question we are told that:
Temperature of silicon 
Electron concentration 
Electron diffusion coefficient is
Electron mobility is 
Electron current density 
Generally the equation for the semiconductor is mathematically given by

Therefore


