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Please see the attached picture for the complete answer.
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Supply, demand, global markets, imports and exports, and government Regulation.
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Equipment Reliability and Maintenance
SUBSTANTIAL CAPITAL investments, in the form of facilities and equipment, are required for manufacturing almost all goods of economic significance. The productivity of these investments is a fundamental element of competition among companies and nations. Events that slow or interrupt the manufacturing process or degrade the product impair the competitiveness of a manufacturing enterprise.
The term equipment reliability and maintenance (ERM) encompasses not only equipment, such as machines, tools, and fixtures, but also the technical, operational, and management activities, ranging from equipment specifications to daily operation and maintenance, required to sustain the performance of manufacturing equipment throughout its useful life. This chapter addresses all causes of diminished or degraded output. The panel considers ERM to be a significant factor in the competitiveness of manufacturing firms, an assessment supported by the case studies in the section on present practice (pp. 57-63).
Historically, the evolution of ERM can be traced from breakdown maintenance and repair to preventive maintenance to predictive maintenance. Breakdown maintenance and repair is the after-the-fact restoration of failed equipment. Preventive maintenance is the systematic servicing of equipment to reduce the possibility of failure. Predictive maintenance, in use in U.S. industry for only four or five years, is usually understood to involve the use of computer software to detect conditions that might eventually lead
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The turbocharger of an internal combustion engine consists of a turbine, and a compressor. Hot exhaust gases flow through the turbine to produce work and the work output from the turbine is used as the work input to the compressor. The pressure of ambient air is increased as it flows through the compressor before it enters the engine cylinders. Thus, the purpose of a turbocharger is to increase the pressure of the air so that more air gets into the cylinders. Consequently, more fuel can be burned and more power can be produced by the engine. In a turbocharger, exhaust gases enter the turbine at 400 degrees C and 120kPa at a rate 0.02 kg/s and leaves at 350 degrees C. Air enters the compressor at 50 degrees C and 100kPa and leaves at 130kPa at a rate of 0.018 kg/s. The compressor increases the air pressure with a side effect: It also increases the air temperature, which increases the gasoline engine to experience and engine knock. To avoid this, an aftercooler is placed after the compressor to cool the warm air by cold ambient air before it enters the engine cylinders. It is estimated the aftercooler must decrease the air temperature below 80 degrees C if knock is to be avoided. The cold ambient air enters the aftercooler at 30 degrees C and leaves at 40 degrees C. Disregard any frictional losses in the turbine and the compressor and treating the exhaust gases as air, determine (a) the temperature of the air at the compressor outlet and (b) the minimum volume flow rate of ambient air required to avoid knock.
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I think the answer is button.
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